ADVERTISEMENT
Sort

Filter & Refine

  • 4x2
View Layout

FORD RANGER Used Car Review

After the demise of the Falcon large car, the Ranger has become the new hero of Ford Australia showrooms on the back of the ever-increasing dual-purpose appeal of dual-cab utes as both workhorses and lifestyle vehicles. Internationally, the Ranger name replaced Courier in 1998 before also been applied locally in 2007. The current-generation, Thai-built Ranger released in 2011 was engineered and designed in Australia, though updated significantly in 2015. It is related to the Mazda BT-50 as part of a joint-venture.

Pros

Cons

  • One of the class leaders for on-road manners
  • Excellent off-road ability
  • Among the best for towing capability
  • Vast choice of styles and variants
  • Cabin presentation could be better
  • A big vehicle that isn't easy to park
  • Still not as refined to drive as a similarly sized SUV
  • Can be expensive for segment
This is general information and should not be relied on as purchasing advice.
4x2FordRangerClear all

Top2009 Ford Ranger PJ XL Crew Cab 4x2 Hi-Rider White 5 Speed Manual Utility

  • 282327 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 3.0L

APRIL CLEARANCE SALE- BE QUICK. 2009 Ford Ranger XL 3.0 Litre Turbo Diesel Manual Dual Cab HiRider Utility. White. Factory Alloy Wheels, 4 New Tyres, Rwc and On road Costs included. Contact our Windsor dealership to organise an appointment to test drive.

$9,995 Drive Away^
Windsor, QLD

Dealer used
23 hours ago

Top2018 Ford Ranger XLT 3.2 HI-RIDER-EASY FINANCE AVAILABLE HERE SAVE $$$

  • 77595 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

2018 Ford Ranger XLT PX-MKII MY18 ~ Auto ~4X2 ~ done 77595 kms Engine 5 cylinder 3.2 L Turbo Diesel ~~~ Beautifully Presented Trade Ute ~ Very well maintained ~Very economical on fuel-comes with-Dual Zone Climate Control, Airbag Dual, CD Player, Canopy, Radio, Traction Control, ABS, Park Sensors - Rear, Auxilliary Lights, Park Sensors - Front, P/Steer, Bluetooth, Cruise Control - Distance Control, P/Wind, Alloy Wheels, Cent.Lock, Reverse Camera, Airbag Side Various, Side Steps, GPS Navigation

$39,999 Excl. Gov. Charges
Melton, VIC

Dealer used
24/04/2024

Top2009 FORD RANGER XL (4x2) 5 SP MANUAL P/UP

$13,500Negotiable
Belrose, NSW

24/04/2024

Top2020 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2020.75MY Raptor Performance Blue 10 Speed Sports Automatic

  • 72337 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 2.0L

FULL SERVICE HISTORY!!! 2020 Ford Ranger Raptor Dual Cab Automatic 4x4 2.0DTT available for sale. We are conveniently located just 15 minutes south of Brisbane CBD, exit 20 off the M1 at Spr'wood. Look for the Blue Oval. Available for immediate delivery. Our Drive away price includes statutory and government charges, transfer fees and registration. We are a large family owned company that offer high quality used vehicles priced to sell. We specialise in either interstate online sales or helpin

$59,988 Drive Away^
Springwood, QLD

Dealer used
23/04/2024

Top2019 FORD RANGER XLT 2.0 (4x4) 10 SP AUTOMATIC DOUBLE CAB P/UP

  • 187000 km
  • Ute
  • 2.0L

Ford Ranger May 27 2019 double cab XLT 4x4 2.0L BI-Turbo As new condition inside and out , no off road use Approx. 7.2L per 100klms of diesel Full service history by Ford plus Ford warranty expiry 27/05/2024 ARB Canopy and tub liner H/D roof rack and rollers Tow Bar Side steps and floor mats No longer able to use due to health reasons

$33,000Negotiable
Point Lonsdale, VIC

23/04/2024

Top2015 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 Hi-Rider (4x2) Yellow 6 Speed Automatic Crew Cab Pickup

  • 205106 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

auto, turbo diesel, 4x2, brand new mud tyres, drives well, clean ute. All our vehicles are rigorously checked for mechanical and safety issues, providing Road Worthy Certifiactes for every vehicle and PPSR approved certificates insuring no financial matters owing or state write-off damages. If a vehicle has potential of causing any dismay, it simply just does not make the cut. Whether you are looking for Turbo Diesel 4WD & 4X4, your next Auto Van, and anything in between, we have it all. We

$21,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Campbelltown, NSW

Dealer used
24/04/2024

2023 Ford Ranger PY 2024.00MY XL Hi-Rider Black 6 Speed Sports Automatic Single Cab Chassis

  • 22 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.0L

BE QUICK THIS ONE WAS A CANCELLED ORDER DUE TO FINANCE!! RARE FIND - HIGH RIDER 4X2 XL SINGLE CAB CHASSIS AUTO IN BLACK METALLIC - AWESOME LOOKING TRUCK. IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY!! PRICE INCLUDES GST BUT EXCLUDES ON ROAD COSTS. - 3500 KG TOWBAR WITH ELEC BRAKES - FREEZING COLD AIR - POWER STEERING - BLUETOOTH - CRUISE CONTROL 5 YEAR NEW CAR WARRANTY & FIXED PRICE SERVICING. BE QUICK THIS ONE WILL NOT LAST!! WE CAN TAKE ANY TRADE AND VALUE YOUR CAR OVER THE PHONE. WE CAN DELIVER TO

$38,997 Excl. Gov. Charges
Biloela, QLD

Dealer used
12 minutes ago

2016 FORD Ranger XL 2.2 HI-RIDER (4x2)

  • 143500 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2016 Ford Ranger 4x2 High Rider 2..2L turbo-diesel, automatic transmission. Perfect for the tradesman, this is a very neat and clean example! With multiple storage boxes, this vehicle could be used for various uses. Very well maintained, it has full service history in the books and brand new tyres. Book an inspection today! ✅ Top trade in valuations (even if you don't buy from us). ✅ Finance to suit all budgets. ✅ Great range of Warranty. ✅ Lunch time test drives (we come to you in

$19,995 Excl. Gov. Charges
Derwent Park, TAS

Dealer used
12 minutes ago

2011 FORD Ranger XL (4x2)

  • 169000 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.5L

ALL FEMALE SALES TEAM FREE 3 YEAR WARRANTY 2011 Ford Ranger Trayback Ute with Manual Transmission and Turbo Diesel Engine. Travelled only 169,000 kilometres from new and comes with a Free 3 Year Warranty. Car Central 130 Radium Street, Welshpool Phone: D/L: MD25845 Hilux, Navara, Triton, Rodeo, Colorado, Bt50, Isuzu

$8,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Welshpool, WA

Dealer used
37 minutes ago

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII MY18 XL 2.2 Hi-Rider (4x2) White 6 Speed Automatic Crew Cab Pickup

  • 243363 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

FIXED PRICE - 4x2 - LONG REGO Rego: 29/10/2024 Books: Yes (Full Ford Service History) Keys: 2 Owners: 1 (Ex-Fleet Vehicle) Location: Arn cliffe near Sydney Airport, Post Code 2 -2 -05 Roomy Dual Cab with Seating for 5 Powered by a Smooth, Powerful and Economical 2.2 Litre Direct Injection Turbo Diesel and 6 Speed Auto In great condition with full service history Very comfortable interior, smooth, quiet and economical. A far superior drive to it's competitors Highlights include - Rear DI

$19,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Arncliffe, NSW

Dealer used
3 hours ago

2019 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2019.00MY XL White 6 Speed Manual Single Cab Chassis

  • 70256 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

Registration Expiry: 31/08/2024 We're proud to present this ONE OWNER EX COUNCIL 2019 Ford Ranger PX XL Single Cab Manual 4x2 2.2DT that has only travelled 70,256km and has log books with FULL service records. It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Aux, Bluetooth, Cruise Control, Tray, and Tow Bar. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an excellent condition and has been well maintained with an impressive service history. If you're after the best, don't waste your time c

$22,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
8 hours ago

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII 2018.00MY XL Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 153383 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

Registration Expiry: 01/10/2024 We're proud to present this ONE OWNER EX COUNCIL 2018 Ford Ranger PX XL Hi-Rider Double Cab Auto 4x2 2.2DT that has only travelled 153,383km and has log books with FULL service records. It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Aux, Bluetooth, Cruise Control, Tray, Tow Bar. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an IMMACULATE condition and has been well maintained to the highest possible standard throughout its life. If you're after the best,

$22,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
8 hours ago

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII 2018.00MY XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 139123 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

Registration Expiry: 26/02/2024 We're proud to present this 2018 Ford Ranger PX XL Double Cab Auto 4x4 2.2DT that has only travelled 139,123km and has log books with FULL service records. It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Aux, Bluetooth, Cruise Control, Tray, Bull Bar, and Tow Bar. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an excellent condition and has been well maintained with an impressive service history. If you're after the best, don't waste your time comparing it

$24,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
8 hours ago

2015 Ford Ranger PX XLT Double Cab 4x2 Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 246355 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Registration Expiry: WILL COME WITH REGISTRATION FOR NSW BUYERS We're proud to present this 2015 Ford Ranger PX XLT Hi-Rider Double Cab Auto 4x2 3.2DT that has only travelled 246,355km and has log books with FULL service records (RECEIPTS INCLUDED). It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Aux, Bluetooth, Cruise Control, Bull Bar, Tow Bar, and Canopy. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an IMMACULATE condition and has been well maintained to the highest possible standard

$19,490 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
8 hours ago

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 175522 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

We're proud to present this ONE OWNER EX BAPTIST CARE 2016 Ford Ranger PX XL Hi-Rider Double Cab Auto 4x2 2.2DT that has only travelled 175,522km and has log books with FULL FORD service records. It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Aux, Bluetooth, Cruise Control, Tow Bar, and Canopy. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an excellent condition and has been well maintained with an impressive factory service history. If you're after the best, don't waste your time compar

$19,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
8 hours ago

2011 Ford Ranger PK XL Crew Cab 4x2 Hi-Rider White 5 Speed Manual Utility

  • 262420 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 3.0L

Registration Expiry: 02/02/2024 We're proud to present this ONE OWNER EX COUNCIL 2011 Ford Ranger PK XL Hi-Rider Double Cab Manual 4x2 3.0DT that has travelled 262,420km. It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Bull Bar, and Tow Bar. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an excellent condition and has been well maintained for the age and kilometres travelled. If you're after a clean Ute at a great price, don't waste your time comparing it to others, come and see this. W

$8,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
8 hours ago

2019 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2019.00MY XL Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Single Cab Chassis

  • 217255 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

We're proud to present this 2019 Ford Ranger PX XL Hi-Rider Single Cab Auto 4x2 2.2DT that has only travelled 217,255km and has log books with FULL service records. It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Aux, Bluetooth, Cruise Control, Tool Box Service Body. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an excellent condition for the kilometres travelled and has a unique tool box setup in the back. If you're a well maintained Ranger with an impressive service record, come check t

$19,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
9 hours ago

2010 Ford Ranger PK XL (4x2) White 5 Speed Manual Dual Cab Pick-up

  • 289260 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 3.0L

Diesel Turbo Dual Cab 5 Speed Manual All Terrain Wheels and Tyres Room for the Workers or Family

$8,999 Excl. Gov. Charges
Fremantle, WA

Dealer used
11 hours ago

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 202690 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2016 FORD RANGER PX MKII XL HI-RIDER DOUBLE CAB MANUAL 4X2 1 OWNER WITH SERVICE HISTORY TOW BAR CANOPY CALL OUR FRIENDLY STAFF TODAY TO BOOK YOUR INSPECTION! *COVID-19: PURCHASE A VEHICLE WITHOUT LEAVING YOUR HOME OR OFFICE! *Completely contactless transactions available *Ask us for a personalized video walkaround *Australia wide, to your door, delivery available *****FREE ONE YEAR AUSTRALIA WIDE WARRANTY***** We are a 4x4 and Commercial Vehicle Specialist with over 100 unique vehicle

$18,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Pakenham, VIC

Dealer used
11 hours ago

2012 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 Hi-Rider (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 148523 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2012 Ford Ranger XL Hi-Rider 4x2 Trayback Ute, Turbo Diesel, Manual, 4cyl, 2.2Ltr. Comes with Rego and all on Roads cost Driveaway. Trade ins Welcome, Competitive finance Available, Transport arranged throughout Australia. Please call our Dealership to Make Appointment to View Vehicle.

$16,995 Drive Away^
Coopers Plains, QLD

Dealer used
12 hours ago

2010 Ford Ranger PK XL Crew Cab 4x2 Hi-Rider White 5 Speed Manual Utility

  • 99881 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 3.0L

2010 Ford Ranger PK XL Crew Cab 4x2 Hi-Rider White 5 Speed Manual Utility

$13,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Wangara, WA

Dealer used
13 hours ago

2015 Ford Ranger 4x2 XL Hi-Rider PX

  • 185510 km
  • Ute
  • Auto

Step into the world of adventure and practicality with this robust 2015 Ford Ranger 4x2 XL Hi-Rider PX. This modern, multi-purpose pick-up truck is not just a vehicle, but a dependable companion for your everyday journeys and thrilling escapades. With its vibrant white exterior, it is a true embodiment of strength, resilience, and elegance. Boasting an impressive 4-cylinder diesel engine, this Ranger is ready to conquer any terrain with unmatched power and performance. The automatic transmissi

$16,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Maddington, WA

Dealer used
13 hours ago

2019 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2019.00MY XLT Grey 10 Speed Sports Automatic Double Cab Pick Up

  • 44214 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 2.0L

ONLY 44 000 KMS AND ELETRIC HARD TONNEAU COVER. 2019 FORD RANGER XLT AUTO 4X4 2.0 BI TURBO DIESEL DUAL CAB AUTO UTE PRESENTED IN GREY. HIGH SPEC FEATURE PACKED 10 SPEED 2.0 LITRE LITRE UTILITY THAT IS SURE TO IMPRESS. DO NOT DELAY ENQUIRE TODAY. Call our experienced team NOW to secure this AMAZING INTERNET ONLY special price! Family owned Toyota dealership in PERTH, with over 500 quality used cars in stock, with an exceptional personal touch. WHERE THE GUEST ALWAYS COMES FIRST......Please Note

$47,888 Excl. Gov. Charges
Osborne Park, WA

Dealer used
14 hours ago

2008 FORD RANGER XL (4x2) 5 SP AUTOMATIC DUAL CAB P/UP

$10,490
Hampstead Gardens, SA

14 hours ago

2012 Ford Ranger PX XLT Double Cab Blue 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 230047 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

• Pension Finance Available • Borrow up $5000 (Fee Free No Interest Loan for Vehicles That Can Be Paid Off Over Up To 48 Months with Simple Fortnightly Repayments • Dealer Charges Apply. • We Offer Competitive Finance Packages with Many Options Available. • Extended Warranty Plans and Roadside Assistance Available For 1, 3, And 5 Years. • Trade-Ins Welcome. We Offer the Best Trade-In Price for Your Car. • We Do Interstate Deliveries at A Very Reasonable Cost. • Every Vehicle Has A PPSR Check W

$31,995 Excl. Gov. Charges
Minchinbury, NSW

Dealer used
14 hours ago

2017 Ford Ranger PX MkII XLT Double Cab Silver 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 215703 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

• Pension Finance Available • Borrow up $5000 (Fee Free No Interest Loan for Vehicles That Can Be Paid Off Over Up To 48 Months with Simple Fortnightly Repayments • Dealer Charges Apply. • We Offer Competitive Finance Packages with Many Options Available. • Extended Warranty Plans and Roadside Assistance Available For 1, 3, And 5 Years. • Trade-Ins Welcome. We Offer the Best Trade-In Price for Your Car. • We Do Interstate Deliveries at A Very Reasonable Cost. • Every Vehicle Has A PPSR Check W

$35,995 Excl. Gov. Charges
Minchinbury, NSW

Dealer used
14 hours ago

2015 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 198057 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

We have over 300 good quality cars at unbeatable prices, Auto or Manual, SUV or Wagon, Coupe or Convertible, Sunroof , Hatch or Sedan, Petrol or Turbo Diesel, 4x4 or 4x2 All cars are workshop tested, and optional parts and labour warranties are available .• *Pension Finance Available (Single Parent Payments, Parenting Payment, Disability Pension) • *Fee Free, No Interest Loan for Vehicles That Can Be Paid Off with Simple Fortnightly for ppl on Government payments. • *Dealer Charges Apply. •

$22,995 Excl. Gov. Charges
Minchinbury, NSW

Dealer used
15 hours ago

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 97563 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2016 FORD RANGER PX MKII HI RIDER SINGLE CAB AUTOMATIC 4X2 SERVICE HISTORY ALLOY TRAY TURBO DIESEL TOOL BOX CRUISE CONTROL CENTRAL LOCKING BLUETOOTH TOW BAR SHELVING REAR DRAW CONTACT US TODAY TO VIEW THIS FORD RANGER!! *COVID-19: PURCHASE A VEHICLE WITHOUT LEAVING YOUR HOME OR OFFICE! *Completely contactless transactions available *Ask us for a personalized video walkaround *Australia wide, to your door, delivery available *****FREE ONE YEAR AUSTRALIA WIDE WARRANTY***** We are a 4x4 and C

$24,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Pakenham, VIC

Dealer used
15 hours ago

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII 2018.00MY XLT Double Cab 4x2 Hi-Rider White 6 Speed Sports Automatic

  • 79345 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Ford Ranger has been an Australian favourite for a long time. From its timeless styling to undeniable practicality, the Ford Ranger is Ute that is ready to perform. This particular model has the powerful 3.2L 5 Cylinder Turbo Diesel paired with a superior automatic transmission. Town driving to highway kms, towing trailers or your friends Land Cruiser out of a ditch, whatever the situation. Feel at home in a Ford Ranger. This Ute is are stacked with features, some of which are: - Dual Range 4

$35,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Moorabbin, VIC

Dealer used
15 hours ago

2024 Ford Ranger PY 2024.00MY XL Hi-Rider Silver 6 Speed Sports Automatic Super Cab Chassis

  • 22 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 4 cyl 2.0L

BE QUICK THIS ONE WAS A CANCELLED ORDER DUE TO FINANCE!! RARE FIND - XL HIGH RIDER 4X2 DIESEL AUTO 4X4 SUPER CAB IN ALUMINIUM SILVER - AWESOME LOOKING TRUCK. HAS THE FACTORY TOWBAR WHICH INCLUDES 3500 KG TOWBAR & ELEC BRAKES IN STOCK FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY!! PRICE INCLUDES GST BUT EXCLUDES ON ROAD TRAY - 3500 KG TOWBAR WITH ELEC BRAKES - FREEZING COLD AIR - POWER STEERING - BLUETOOTH - CRUISE CONTROL - 4 SEAT SUPER CAB WITH SUICIDE DOORS 5 YEAR NEW CAR WARRANTY & FIXED PRICE SERVICING. B

$44,997 Excl. Gov. Charges
Biloela, QLD

Dealer used
15 hours ago

Save search and get notified when new items are posted

Overview of the Ford Ranger

Overview of the Ford Ranger

After the demise of the Falcon large car, the Ranger has become the new hero of Ford Australia showrooms on the back of the ever-increasing dual-purpose appeal of dual-cab utes as both workhorses and lifestyle vehicles.

Internationally, the Ranger name replaced Courier in 1998 before also been applied locally in 2007.

The current-generation, Thai-built Ranger released in 2011 was engineered and designed in Australia, though updated significantly in 2015. It is related to the Mazda BT-50 as part of a joint-venture.

FORD RANGER GENERATIONS (SINCE 2007)

2007-2011

2011-present

RUNNING COSTS

Fuel Consumption (current model)

2.2L 4-cylinder turbo diesel: 6.5 to 7.0 litres per 100km

3.2L 5-cylinder turbo diesel: 8.1 to 8.9 litres per 100km

= Highly economical.

= Good economy.

= Average fuel use.

= Heavy consumption.

Servicing

SIMILAR MODELS TO FORD RANGER

WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR: FORD RANGER

One of Ford Australia's hottest sellers in recent years, so there are plenty to choose from second-hand.

Like many modern turbo-diesels, the common-rail technology in use can mean short fuel-injector lifespan. And there are five injectors, not four, in a Ranger's 3.2-litre engine.

Injector pump valves can stick, leading to the fuel overheating and the vehicle entering limp-home mode.

Unusual chain-driven oil pump requires that the engine not sit without oil in it during servicing. Old oil must be dumped and new oil added immediately to prevent pump bleeding dry and not being able to pump new oil when engine is restarted.

Very early Rangers had a dual-mass flywheel which could lead to premature clutch wear. Pulsing through the clutch pedal or shuddering during take-offs are warning signs. Ford changed to a single-mass design from 2012 onwards.