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FORD RANGER Used Car Review

After the demise of the Falcon large car, the Ranger has become the new hero of Ford Australia showrooms on the back of the ever-increasing dual-purpose appeal of dual-cab utes as both workhorses and lifestyle vehicles. Internationally, the Ranger name replaced Courier in 1998 before also been applied locally in 2007. The current-generation, Thai-built Ranger released in 2011 was engineered and designed in Australia, though updated significantly in 2015. It is related to the Mazda BT-50 as part of a joint-venture.

Pros

Cons

  • One of the class leaders for on-road manners
  • Excellent off-road ability
  • Among the best for towing capability
  • Vast choice of styles and variants
  • Cabin presentation could be better
  • A big vehicle that isn't easy to park
  • Still not as refined to drive as a similarly sized SUV
  • Can be expensive for segment
This is general information and should not be relied on as purchasing advice.
canopyFordRangerXL 3.2 (4x4)Is your car registered?: YesClear all

Top2020 Ford Ranger PX MkIII XL Red Manual Cab Chassis

  • 108522 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Check out this stand out Red Ranger for those who like to drive. Yes its also a 6 speed manual with the powerful 3.2 litre turbo diesel engine. Added extras include a colour coded ARB Canopy Tray liner Tow Bar and weather shields. Comes with a full service history as an Ex Council vehicle its been well looked after.

$37,988 Excl. Gov. Charges
Kingsley, WA

Dealer used
29/04/2024

Top2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 190607 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

3 AND 5 YEAR WARRANTY OPTIONS .....................FINANCE AVAILABLE::::::::::......... THE LEGENDARY FORD RANGER (PX2) 3.2L turbo diesel Automatic EXCELLENT SET UP , RAPTOR UPGRADE PACK AND TINTED WINDOWS, SIDESTEPS, CANOPY, BULLBAR, SPOTLIGHTS. COMES WITH STANDARD RANGER RIMS AND TYRES IF YOU WOULD LIKE THE MUD TERRAINS WE CAN DISCUSS. COMBINED WITH PERFECT ENGINEERING AND THE POWER HOUSE 3.2 TURBO CHARGED DIESEL' THIS RANGER HAS THE LOOK AND THE GEAR... THE

$23,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Southport, QLD

Dealer used
22 hours ago

Top2020 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2020.75MY XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Double Cab Pick Up

  • 109897 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

** INTERNET PRICE VALID UNTIL 1PM SAT ** > 4X4 AUTO > CANOPY > OFF ROAD TYRES > FULL SERVICE HISTORY Eligible for OVER THE PHONE FINANCE PRE-APPROVAL! We are an independent family run dealership trading for more than 50 years with over half our monthly sales generated from previous clients. Our relaxed no pressure environment & after sales service are only some of the many reasons our customers choose to keep coming back! INDEPENDENT, FAMILY OWNED AND OPERATED DEALERSHIP located

$34,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Midland, WA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

Top2019 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2019.00MY XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Super Cab Pick Up

  • 111900 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

One owner with FULL service history. 3.2ltr turbo diesel dual range 4x4 six speed automatic Space Cab with colour coded fiberglass canopy, voice command, Bluetooth hands free, cruise control, reverse camera, multi-function steering wheel and full electrics. Fitted with anti-skid, traction control, downhill assist, alloy wheels, steel bull bar, side steps and a tow bar. Just serviced. We take trade ins We can help with Finance We can arrange insurance We have the option of 3,4 or 5 year Wa

$36,975 Excl. Gov. Charges
Bibra Lake, WA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

Top2021 Ford Ranger PX MkIII XL Red Steptronic Cab Chassis

  • 50973 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Perfect Set Up for either a work that stand out from the crowd or would look awesome as a built up ranger rigg. Travelled only 50 000 kms with the powerful 3.2 litre engine 6 speed auto and 4x4 transmission with a colour coded ARB canopy. Act now as it will sell fast.

$44,988 Excl. Gov. Charges
Kingsley, WA

Dealer used
20 hours ago

Top2020 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2020.75MY XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Double Cab Pick Up

  • 100107 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

** JUST ARRIVED ** > 4X4 AUTO > CANOPY > FULL SERVICE HISTORY Eligible for OVER THE PHONE FINANCE PRE-APPROVAL! We are an independent family run dealership trading for more than 50 years with over half our monthly sales generated from previous clients. Our relaxed no pressure environment & after sales service are only some of the many reasons our customers choose to keep coming back! INDEPENDENT, FAMILY OWNED AND OPERATED DEALERSHIP located only 15 minutes from Perth's CBD! across

$34,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Midland, WA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2017 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 168560 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Very well looked after XL 3.2 Ranger this! 3.2L Turbo Diesel 4x4WD 6-Sp Automatic Transmission, Cruise Control Full Service History Fitted with Bull-Bar, LED light bar, Canopy, Tub-liner & Tow-bar system Rear Parking Sensors Rear Camera Display Bluetooth Connectivity, AUX input

$31,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
East Bunbury, WA

Dealer used
47 minutes ago

2011 Ford Ranger PX XL Utility Super Cab 4dr Man 6sp, 4x4 1182kg 3.2DT $19,999

  • 156361 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

2011 Ford Ranger PX XL Utility Super Cab 4dr Man 6sp, 4x4 1182kg 3.2DT $19,999 Experience power and reliability with this 2011 Ford Ranger PX XL Utility Super Cab 4dr Man 6sp, 4x4 1182kg 3.2DT. Presented in a striking white colour, this robust utility vehicle is powered by a 3.2-litre 5-cylinder diesel engine and features a 6-speed manual transmission that offers a smooth and responsive driving experience. Its tough exterior is matched by its spacious interior that comfortably accommodates up

$19,999 Excl. Gov. Charges
Kenwick, WA

Dealer used
52 minutes ago

2019 FORD Ranger XL 3.2 (4x4)

  • 137207 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

This vehicle has a 3.2 litre turbo Diesel engine, automatic transmission and air conditioning. Stability and traction control are fitted plus curtain airbags. It has a bull bar, winch and a canopy. This vehicle has full service history and two keys. Finance available to approved applicants. Telephone

$34,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Derwent Park, TAS

Dealer used
2 hours ago

2017 FORD RANGER XL 3.2 (4x4) 6 SP MANUAL - Finance available

  • 139000 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Ford Ranger 4x4 -3.2l 6spd Manual -Rare extra cab with 2 rear seats and suicide doors -Pedders GVM suspension -TJM Heavy duty bullbar -Black Duck Canvas seat covers -Stedi 24” light bar - excellent for night driving -Suit tradesman or someone wanting to put on a canopy -Reverse camera -3.5t TAG Towbar -Aluminium tray -Central locking & alarm - Aux Anderson plug to tray for Fridge or accessories -75% tread on all 4 tyres -Does have some wear and tear but respectable for age

$26,000Negotiable
Hobart CBD, TAS

2 hours ago

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 204173 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Registration Expiry: 26/02/2024 We're proud to present this 2016 Ford Ranger PX XL Double Cab Manual 4x4 3.2DT that has only travelled 204,173km and has log books with FULL service records. It's equipped with 4 Good Tyres, Air Conditioning, Aux, Bluetooth, Cruise Control, Bull Bar, Tow Bar, and Canopy. Credit to the previous owner, this Ranger is in an excellent condition and has been well maintained with an impressive service history. If you're after the best, don't waste your time comparing

$21,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Hamilton North, NSW

Dealer used
12 hours ago

2014 Ford Ranger PX XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 220151 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

We are located 10 mins from link Tunnels and 3 minute walk from BAYS WATER station. 2014 FORD RANGER XL 3.2 DIESEL TURBO 4x4 6 SPEED AUTO BLUETOOTH REGO 27/08/2024 CANOPY CRUISE CONTROL VERY GOOD CONDITION DRIVES VERY NICE CURRENT RWC PLUS MUCH MORE VACC MEMBER. We have about 55 quality vehicles in stock . We are open from Monday to Friday 8am till 4.45 pm Saturday from 8am till 3.30 pm. Extended warranties up to 5 Years are available and finance can be arranged at competitive rates

$19,990 Drive Away^
Bayswater, VIC

Dealer used
13 hours ago

2013 Ford Ranger 4/4 Dual cab with Canopy

$18,800Negotiable
Bellevue, WA

14 hours ago

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL 3.2 (4x4) White 6 Speed Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 138493 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Fully equipped for weekday work or weekend adventures, this 2016 XL Ranger has had thousands spent in aftermarket accessories. It presents well in White, and it comes equipped with contrasting alloy wheels boasting all-terrain tyres, and a large custom canopy over the tray with loads of room for tools and gear. The tow bar is rated for up to 3.5 Tonnes, making it perfect for hauling whatever you need. Under the bonnet is a durable 3.2L turbo-diesel, and its paired in this case to a smooth 6-spe

$34,926 Excl. Gov. Charges
Bentley, WA

Dealer used
15 hours ago

2015 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 312802 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

** From Only $89 Per Week ** Any Inspections Are Welcome – Interstate Buyers Also Welcome – Third Party Independent Inspections Are Welcome – Finance Available – 3 Year Warranty Available – Trade Ins Are Welcome WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT ME? • READY TO GO WORK CAR • AUTOMATIC • TURBO DIESEL 3.2L • BULL BAR & TOWBAR • ALUMINUM CANOPY • SPOTTIES • SERVICE HISTORY • WORKSHOP TESTED AND APPROVED • CLEAR PPSR ON VIN CHECK 015 (Used) - RANGER XL 3.2 (4x4) PX MKII DIESEL TURBO F/INJ 3.2

$16,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Welshpool, WA

Dealer used
16 hours ago

2021 Ford Ranger PX MkIII XL Red Steptronic Cab Chassis

  • 50973 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Perfect Set Up for either a work that stand out from the crowd or would look awesome as a built up ranger rigg. Travelled only 50 000 kms with the powerful 3.2 litre engine 6 speed auto and 4x4 transmission with a colour coded ARB canopy. Act now as it will sell fast.

$44,988 Excl. Gov. Charges
Kingsley, WA

Dealer used
20 hours ago

2017 FORD RANGER XL 3.2 (4x4) 6 SP AUTOMATIC CREW C/CHAS

  • 213000 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

2017 Ford Ranger XL 3.2lt Dual cab tray back 213,000 ks Log book up to date WA Suspension 2 inch lift 285 70 17 AT 80% Snorkel Bull bar Lock up Fibreglass canopy Spotties Flat rack Side awning Clean interior 9 inch touch screen Satellite phone hook up Reverse camera Tow brake Neoprene seat covers More pictures to come

$26,500
Katanning, WA

21 hours ago

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII MY18 XL 3.2 (4x4) White 6 Speed Automatic Crew Cab Utility

  • 120227 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Ready for work! One owner 3.2L turbo diesel Auto dualcab Ranger! All class in Frozen white with service history! Features include Smart bar, Colour coded ARB canopy, Tow bar, Air conditioning, Front and side airbags, Bluetooth connectivity, Cruise control and more! Fully workshop tested and approved and priced to sell! Trade-ins welcome! We have competitive, same-day finance options and comprehensive protection plans from leading Australian providers. Our vehicles have been indepe

$35,996 Excl. Gov. Charges
Bentley, WA

Dealer used
22 hours ago

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Cab Chassis

  • 190607 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

3 AND 5 YEAR WARRANTY OPTIONS .....................FINANCE AVAILABLE::::::::::......... THE LEGENDARY FORD RANGER (PX2) 3.2L turbo diesel Automatic EXCELLENT SET UP , RAPTOR UPGRADE PACK AND TINTED WINDOWS, SIDESTEPS, CANOPY, BULLBAR, SPOTLIGHTS. COMES WITH STANDARD RANGER RIMS AND TYRES IF YOU WOULD LIKE THE MUD TERRAINS WE CAN DISCUSS. COMBINED WITH PERFECT ENGINEERING AND THE POWER HOUSE 3.2 TURBO CHARGED DIESEL' THIS RANGER HAS THE LOOK AND THE GEAR... THE

$23,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Southport, QLD

Dealer used
22 hours ago

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII MY18 XL 3.2 (4x4) White 6 Speed Automatic Crew Cab Utility

  • 117087 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Ready for work! One owner Automatic 3.2L turbo diesel Ranger! All class in Frozen white with service history! Features include Smart bar, Snorkel, Colour coded canopy, Spare wheel carrier, Roof racks, Air conditioning, Front and side airbags, Bluetooth connectivity, Cruise control and more! Fully workshop tested and approved and priced to sell! Trade-ins welcome! We have competitive, same-day finance options and comprehensive protection plans from leading Australian providers. Our

$36,996 Excl. Gov. Charges
Bentley, WA

Dealer used
23 hours ago

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White Manual Cab Chassis

  • 129126 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

***WESTERN AUSTRALIAS LARGEST FRANCHISE USED CAR OPERATION*** 2017 FORD RANGER XL MANUAL 4X4 WITH BULL BAR, SPOTTIES, TRADES MAN CANOPY WITH DUAL WHEEL CARRIER ON REAR AND SO MUCH MORE- CAR IS A BEAST!!!

$29,471 Excl. Gov. Charges
Cannington, WA

Dealer used
Yesterday

2012 Ford Ranger PX XL 3.2 (4x4) White 6 Speed Automatic Double Cab Pick Up

  • 277678 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

2012 FORD XL RANGER AUTOMATIC 3.2 TURBO DIESEL 4X4 DUAL-CAB!! $15,999.00 FEATURES LOGBOOK SERVICE HISTORY, AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, AIR CON, CRUISE CONTROL, ABS BRAKES, POWER WINDOWS, BLUETOOTH, PARKING SENSORS, TOW BAR, LOCKABLE CANOPY AND MORE!! YOU WON'T BUY BETTER!! INSPECTION WILL IMPRESS AND ONLY $15,999.00 WITH 12 MONTH PARTS AND LABOUR WARRANTY!! CALL (08) *****2999 NOW!! WANGARA USED CAR CENTRE 7B PEMBROKE RD, WANGARA 6065.

$15,999 Excl. Gov. Charges
Wangara, WA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2019.00MY XL White 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 272581 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Ready for the ultimate adventure? Look no further than this 2018 Ford Ranger PX MkIII. Packed with incredible features, this beast is ready to tackle any terrain and make your wildest dreams come true. First up, let's talk about the incredible canopy. Perfect for storing all your gear and keeping it safe and secure, this canopy will be your best friend on the road. And with ARB Storage draws inside, organizing your equipment has never been easier. But the adventure doesn't stop there. This Ran

$21,980 Excl. Gov. Charges
Welshpool, WA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2019 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2019.75MY XL White 6 Speed Manual Double Cab Pick Up

  • 48011 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

***2019 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2019.75MY XL Pick-up Double Cab 4 door MANUAL 6 speed 4x4 3.2DT With ONLY 47,996 km's AND Factory Warranty CURRENT Until 28th JULY 2024 / UNLIMITED Km's!!!!*** ***FULL COMPREHENSIVE WALK AROUND VIDEO AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST!!*** This 6 SPEED MANUAL Ranger XL makes for the ultimate multi purpose 4x4 Utility. Packed full of fantastic features and accessories including: - Balance of 5 Year/Unlimited Km Manufacturers Warranty CURRENT Until 28th JULY 2024!! - Genuine F

$38,750 Excl. Gov. Charges
Gawler South, SA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2019 Ford Ranger PX MkIII MY19 XL 3.2 (4x4) White 6 Speed Automatic Double Cab Pick Up

  • 181824 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

FIXED PRICE - EX-GOVERNMENT - 3.2L 4x4 AUTO Extras: CANOPY - BULLBAR - TOWBAR - TINTED WINDOWS - DRIVING LIGHTS Books: Yes (Full Service History) Keys: 2 Rego: 30/06/2024 Updated Series III Model Powered by a 3.2 Litre Direct Injection Turbo Diesel coupled to a 6 Speed Tip-Shift Auto Switchable 4WD with Centre and Rear DIFF LOCKS and Transfer Case Highlights include - REVERSE CAMERA - Bluetooth Phone and Audio Streaming - Auto Headlights - Cruise Control - Power Windows Finance Availab

$26,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Arncliffe, NSW

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2017 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Silver 6 Speed Sports Automatic Utility

  • 65654 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

- SPORTS AUTOMATIC - 4X4 - TOW BAR - LOCK UP CANOPY - BULL BAR - ROOF RACKS - REVERSING CAMERA - DRIVES WELL Enquire now to make sure you don’t miss out! We are a franchise dealer and part of a large automotive group which means that you can buy with confidence. As part of our pre-sale preparation, we have taken care of the following: - Oil and Filter Service using top quality oil - Full Detail inside and out using the best Automotive Products on the market - Full workshop mechanical inspe

$36,998 Drive Away^
Strathmore Heights, VIC

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2015 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 99789 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

PRICED TO SELL, DUAL CAB 3.2L XL MODEL, SERVICE BOOKS, CANOPY, SIDE STEPS, BULLBAR, BLUETOOTH, CRUISE CONTROL, SNORKEL, FULL ELECTRICS, ETC.... ALL ON ROAD COSTS (RWC, REGO, STAMP DUTY AND TRANSFER FEE) INCLUDED AT THIS PRICE - NO MORE TO PAY! WITH OVER 250 USED CARS IN STOCK, WE CAN HELP IN FINDING THE RIGHT CAR FOR YOU. WE ARE LOCATED ONLY 5 MINS AWAY FROM HOPPRS XING STATION, COME IN AND EXPERIENCE THE DIFFERENCE AT VICTORIA’S BIGGEST HYUNDAI DEALERSHIP. FINANCE WITH US AND DRIVE AWAY

$33,990 Drive Away^
Hoppers Crossing, VIC

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2021 FORD RANGER XL 3.2 (4x4) 6 SP AUTOMATIC C/CHAS

  • 168000 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

2021 ford ranger Auto. 3.2l Ironman 2” heavy duty suspension Ironman bull bar and side rails/ steps Seat covers front and rear. GME XRS two way. Led spot lights. Reverse camera Ironman snorkel Long range fuel tank. Tow bar Heavy duty steel tray. under tray water and tool box. Never done any serious towing or carried heavy loads. Mostly highway kms. **CANOPY NOT INCLUDED**

$45,000
Tolga, QLD

30/04/2024

2020 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2020.25MY XL Grey 6 Speed Sports Automatic Double Cab Pick Up

  • 97244 km
  • Ute
  • Auto
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

***2020 Ford Ranger PX MkIII 2020.25MY XL Pick-up Double Cab 4 door Sports Auto 6 speed 4x4 3.2DT With Factory Warranty CURRENT Until 24th MAY 2025 / UNLIMITED Km's!!!!*** ***FULL COMPREHENSIVE WALK AROUND VIDEO AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST!!*** This Ranger XL makes for the ultimate multi purpose 4x4 Utility. Packed full of fantastic features and accessories including: - Balance of 5 Year/Unlimited Km Manufacturers Warranty CURRENT Until 24th MAY 2025!! - Flexiglass Bodycolour Smooth Finish Canopy

$36,750 Excl. Gov. Charges
Gawler South, SA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

2013 Ford Ranger PX XL 3.2 (4x4) White 6 Speed Manual Super Cab Chassis

  • 134640 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 5 cyl 3.2L

Welcome to CarWow WA 2013 FORD RANGER XL - ONE OWNER - SERVICE HISTORY - CANOPY - BULLBAR - TOW BAR Get in quick as this vehicle will not last… DISCLAIMER: All features in the comments may not be available. Please check with the dealer before purchasing to confirm.

$26,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Bibra Lake, WA

Dealer used
30/04/2024

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Overview of the Ford Ranger

Overview of the Ford Ranger

After the demise of the Falcon large car, the Ranger has become the new hero of Ford Australia showrooms on the back of the ever-increasing dual-purpose appeal of dual-cab utes as both workhorses and lifestyle vehicles.

Internationally, the Ranger name replaced Courier in 1998 before also been applied locally in 2007.

The current-generation, Thai-built Ranger released in 2011 was engineered and designed in Australia, though updated significantly in 2015. It is related to the Mazda BT-50 as part of a joint-venture.

FORD RANGER GENERATIONS (SINCE 2007)

2007-2011

2011-present

RUNNING COSTS

Fuel Consumption (current model)

2.2L 4-cylinder turbo diesel: 6.5 to 7.0 litres per 100km

3.2L 5-cylinder turbo diesel: 8.1 to 8.9 litres per 100km

= Highly economical.

= Good economy.

= Average fuel use.

= Heavy consumption.

Servicing

SIMILAR MODELS TO FORD RANGER

WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR: FORD RANGER

One of Ford Australia's hottest sellers in recent years, so there are plenty to choose from second-hand.

Like many modern turbo-diesels, the common-rail technology in use can mean short fuel-injector lifespan. And there are five injectors, not four, in a Ranger's 3.2-litre engine.

Injector pump valves can stick, leading to the fuel overheating and the vehicle entering limp-home mode.

Unusual chain-driven oil pump requires that the engine not sit without oil in it during servicing. Old oil must be dumped and new oil added immediately to prevent pump bleeding dry and not being able to pump new oil when engine is restarted.

Very early Rangers had a dual-mass flywheel which could lead to premature clutch wear. Pulsing through the clutch pedal or shuddering during take-offs are warning signs. Ford changed to a single-mass design from 2012 onwards.