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FORD RANGER Used Car Review

After the demise of the Falcon large car, the Ranger has become the new hero of Ford Australia showrooms on the back of the ever-increasing dual-purpose appeal of dual-cab utes as both workhorses and lifestyle vehicles. Internationally, the Ranger name replaced Courier in 1998 before also been applied locally in 2007. The current-generation, Thai-built Ranger released in 2011 was engineered and designed in Australia, though updated significantly in 2015. It is related to the Mazda BT-50 as part of a joint-venture.

Pros

Cons

  • One of the class leaders for on-road manners
  • Excellent off-road ability
  • Among the best for towing capability
  • Vast choice of styles and variants
  • Cabin presentation could be better
  • A big vehicle that isn't easy to park
  • Still not as refined to drive as a similarly sized SUV
  • Can be expensive for segment
This is general information and should not be relied on as purchasing advice.
FordRangerXL 2.2 (4x2)Air conditioning?: YesClear all

Top2012 FORD RANGER XL 2.2 (4x2) 6 SP MANUAL C/CHAS

  • 300000 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

Selling my 2011 Ford Ranger Turbo Diesel Car has always been meticulously cared for with over $2000 spent last service with receipts. Comes with current roadworthy and 6 months rego. Aircon is ice cold Tray is huge Tyres are great Engine runs perfect Manual transmission Located mudgeeraba contact for viewing. Cheers.

$9,995
Mudgeeraba, QLD

30/04/2024

Top2012 Ford Ranger PX XL White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 196100 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

Excellent little work ute Will be sold with NSW rego if sold in NSW Throw on some tool boxes and off you go . Neat and tidy both inside and out Drives well. Excellent value for money Please be respectful of the asking price in not making silly offers. The vehicle is priced to the current market. All enquiries cost us money and you time. All vehicles advertised with VIN number or rego number, any inspection is welcome. Finance available on all vehicles in stock. Our in-house broker

$9,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Blacktown, NSW

Dealer used
30/04/2024

Top2013 Ford Ranger PX XL Cool White Manual Cab Chassis

  • 216143 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

Step into the realm of rugged reliability and enduring performance with our 2013 Ford Ranger, a testament to Ford's storied legacy in crafting vehicles that go the distance. This manual gem, with its robust engine and responsive gearbox, delivers a driving experience that's as thrilling on the urban roads as it is commanding on the country trails. Its well-appointed interior, combining comfort with functionality, makes it a standout choice for those who demand practicality without sacrificing s

$14,990 Drive Away^
Moorooka, QLD

Dealer used
30/04/2024

Top2014 FORD Ranger XL 2.2 (4x2) - Manual - Warranty - Rego

  • 367100 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2014 Ford Ranger XL - RWD - Manual - Warranty The Finance facility available and own this from $99 per week, no deposit loan. - 2014 Ford Ranger PX - 4 x 2 - Manual Transmission - 367k Kms - Bluetooth - Turbo Diesel - Reversing Camera - 3 Years Warranty - Steering Controls - Cruise Control - Climate Control - Ex Ford Parts Delivery Vehicle - Clear Title - Registration - Full Logbook History - Light weight cage We are in Loganholme QLD, South of Brisbane and one of the biggest independent

$8,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Loganholme, QLD

Dealer used
01/05/2024

Top2017 Ford Ranger PX MkII MY17 XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 30986 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

PLEASE QUOTE STOCK NO: 153497 2017 FORD RANGER XL 1 OWNER EX-LEASE PLAN OWNED. COMES WITH BOOKS AND AN EXCELLENT SERVICE HISTORY. HAS A REAR CAMERA, 2 SEATS, STEEL TRAY, CRUISE CONTROL AND AN ELECTRONIC LIFT. ONLY 30KLM!! THIS VEHICLE IS LOCATED AT 1A FERNTREE GULLY ROAD, OAKLEIGH, VICTORIA 3166. * VIDEO WALKAROUND INSPECTION AVAILABLE * GST INVOICE AVAILABLE * COMMERCIAL LOANS AVAILABLE APPLY ONLINE * 3 YEAR EXTENDED WARRANTY * COMPETITIVE TRADE IN PRICES PAID * VICTORIAS LARGE

$31,950 Excl. Gov. Charges
Oakleigh, VIC

Dealer used
01/05/2024

Top2013 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) Blue 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 157021 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

?? Facebook Special ?? Was $21,990 now $19,990^ Payments From $82 per week*, Applying is Easy https://moneymartdirect.com.au/apply-now/ 2013 Ford Ranger, XL 2.2 4x2, Turbo Diesel, 157,021, Dual Front Airbags, Hill Assist, Air Conditioning, ABS, Radio ? WE FINANCE YOUR FUTURE NOT YOUR PAST ! ? FREE NO OBLIGATION PRE-APPROVAL! FAST APPROVALS FOR..... ? GOOD CREDIT ? BAD CREDIT ? UNPAID DEFAULTS ? CASUAL EMPLOYMENT ? SHORT TERM EMPLOYMENT ? SELF EMPLOYED ? ABN HOLDERS NO FIGURES NEEDED ? CE

$19,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Slacks Creek, QLD

Dealer used
16 hours ago

2013 Ford Ranger XL 2.2 (4x2)

  • 319000 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2013 Ford Ranger Workbody Ute Richards Utes As Traded 2.2ltr turbo diesel motor 6 speed t/bar automatic Cruise control Air conditioning Power steering 590 kg hydraulic tailgate lifter Towbar Inverter Reversing camera Rear air bag suspension Bull bar Full service history Motor and transmission just serviced Reg until 31/5/2024 $14950 Jay 67 Grand Junction Rd Rosewater South Australia

$14,950 Excl. Gov. Charges
Rosewater, SA

Dealer used
4 hours ago

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Wkc 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 87653 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Wkc 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

$21,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Devonport, TAS

Dealer used
11 hours ago

2012 Ford Ranger PX XL White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 195318 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

(Please note, Most of the car details are listed in the advertisement such as kilometers, year, model, fuel type, Auto/manual, are provided in the advertisement So, if any of the details of the car does not match what you are looking for, we do not encourage you to contact us due to the high costs occurring, note postcode provided to indicate location Thank you for your understanding and we are looking forward to assisting you in finding your next car) - Multi-function control screen - Pa

$15,990 Drive Away^
West Footscray, VIC

Dealer used
11 hours ago

2015 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 116903 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

JUST ARRIVED - 2015 RANGER XL 2WD DIESEL UTE with heaps of space equipped with the following * 2 keys and full log books * low kms for the age and drives well with the fantastic diesel motor we are located 90 minutes north of sydney at a large dealership in operation for over 30 years.

$19,983 Excl. Gov. Charges
East Maitland, NSW

Dealer used
11 hours ago

2014 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 165162 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

This vehicle is in great condition for its age, has Service History and is sure to impress. At this advertised price it is astonishingly affordable. Be sure to act quick to take advantage of this amazing offer before someone else does. Comes with a Free - 1 year dealer warranty, a current RWC is supplied and all on road costs are included driveaway, no more to pay! Why buy your car from us Because it’s the intelligent choice! Established in 1988, our Dealership has been offering unique cu

$15,799 Excl. Gov. Charges
Braybrook, VIC

Dealer used
12 hours ago

2018 FORD RANGER PX MKIII MY19 XL HI-RIDER EXTENDED CAB RWD CAB CHASSIS Diesel Turbo 4Cyl 2.2L

  • 168194 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2018 FORD RANGER PX MKIII MY19 XL HI-RIDER EXTENDED CAB RWD CAB CHASSIS Diesel Turbo 4Cyl 2.2L • Odometer: 168,194 kms • Transmission: Automatic • 4 Door, 4 Seats • Comes with Registration • Very neat and Clean • Service History Available • Two keys • Bluetooth System • Cruise Control • Power Door Mirrors • Hill Holder • Headlamps Automatic (light sensitive) • Power Windows - Front only • Central Locking - Remote/Keyless • Seats - Bucket (Front) • Seats - 2nd Row (2 position) • Tow Bar  O

$23,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Youngtown, TAS

Dealer used
13 hours ago

2018 FORD Ranger XL 2.2 (4x2)

  • 129917 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2018 Ford Ranger PX MkII 2018.00MY XL Cab Chassis Single Cab 2dr Man 6sp 4x2 1265kg 2.2DT 129,919KMS FEATURES INCLUDE: - BLUETOOTH - POWER WINDOWS - AIR CONDITIONING - CRUISE CONTROL AND MUCH MUCH MORE LOCATED 10 MINUTES FROM THE CBD NEAR THE BEACH WE OPPERATE VIA APPOINTMENT ONLY SO MAKE A BOOKING TO TEST DRIVE THIS CAR NOW TRADE INS WELCOME FINANCE AVALIBLE EXTENDED WARRANTY AVAILIBLE ALL OUR VEHICLES COME ROADWORTHY AND ARE CLEAR TITILE $18,990 EXCLUDING GOVERNMENT CHARGES

$18,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Doncaster, VIC

Dealer used
15 hours ago

2013 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) Blue 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 157021 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

?? Facebook Special ?? Was $21,990 now $19,990^ Payments From $82 per week*, Applying is Easy https://moneymartdirect.com.au/apply-now/ 2013 Ford Ranger, XL 2.2 4x2, Turbo Diesel, 157,021, Dual Front Airbags, Hill Assist, Air Conditioning, ABS, Radio ? WE FINANCE YOUR FUTURE NOT YOUR PAST ! ? FREE NO OBLIGATION PRE-APPROVAL! FAST APPROVALS FOR..... ? GOOD CREDIT ? BAD CREDIT ? UNPAID DEFAULTS ? CASUAL EMPLOYMENT ? SHORT TERM EMPLOYMENT ? SELF EMPLOYED ? ABN HOLDERS NO FIGURES NEEDED ? CE

$19,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Slacks Creek, QLD

Dealer used
16 hours ago

2015 Ford Ranger PX XL White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 191025 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2015 FORD RANGER XL SINGLE CAB MANUAL 4X2 IN COOL WHITE WE CAN ARRANGE FINANCE AND INSURANCE WE CAN ARRANGE DELIVERY - AUSTRALIA WIDE WE CAN APPRAISE YOUR TRADE OVER THE PHONE BEST OF ALL - WE MAKE IT EASY!

$14,997 Excl. Gov. Charges
Biloela, QLD

Dealer used
17 hours ago

2013 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 133121 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2013 Ford Ranger PX XL 4X2 2.2ltr diesel 2 Seater Single cab with TIPPER Tray ONE OWNER EX GOVERNMENT VEHICLE. Drives perfect and always been serviced. Vehicle is in a great condition fitted with Tow bar. Manual, Power steering, Power mirrors, Power windows, Dual airbags, Cruise control, Air conditioning, Bluetooth connectivity. This vehicle has been checked against the Personal Property Security Register and comes with clear title. Come in and see us today and let us tailor a finance package

$17,888 Excl. Gov. Charges
Bankstown, NSW

Dealer used
21 hours ago

2013 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) Black 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 158501 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

LADDER RACKS, ALLOY TRAY, LIGHT BA, TOOL BOXES AND MORE. 2013 FORD RANGER XL MANUAL TURBO DIESEL SINGLE CAB AUTO UTE PRESENTED IN BLACK. HIGH SPEC FEATURE PACKED 2.2 LITRE UTILITY THAT IS SURE TO IMPRESS. DO NOT DELAY ENQUIRE TODAY. Call our experienced team NOW to secure this AMAZING INTERNET ONLY special price! Family owned Toyota dealership in PERTH, with over 500 quality used cars in stock, with an exceptional personal touch. WHERE THE GUEST ALWAYS COMES FIRST......Please Note - all our In

$14,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Osborne Park, WA

Dealer used
22 hours ago

2014 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) Cool White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 174560 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

RANGER XL 2.2 (4x2) PX DIESEL TURBO 6sp MANUAL *** LOW 174,000 KMS *** Canopy, tub tray, tow bar, roof racks, rear step, tints, air conditioning, power steering, power windows, power mirrors, central locking, cruise control, multi airbag package, ABS brakes, dynamic stability control, hill holder, dusk sensing headlights, mobile phone connectivity, traction control, multi function steering wheel, CD player, alarm, brake assist, engine immobilizer & more. Great ute, ready for work, looks & drive

$9,950 Excl. Gov. Charges
Minto, NSW

Dealer used
Yesterday

2015 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 176480 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

RWC/ Rego/ Warranty On-site Finance Available/ Finance Starting $35 weekly Trade ins Welcome 2015 Ford Ranger Manual 2.2L Turbo Diesel White in very good condition/ 176,xxx kms/ Cheap on Fuel/ Log book/Fresh Service/ 4Cyl 2.2L/ Central Locking/2x remote keys/ Cold Aircon/Extended Tray/ Bluetooth/CD/AUX/USB/ 4x Almost New Tyres/ Cruise Control/ Good Looked after, Clean/ Power steering, Power Mirrors, power windows/ Clear PPSR clear title, No accident History, No Written Off, No Money Owing.

$14,997 Excl. Gov. Charges
Archerfield, QLD

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2012 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) Green 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 202003 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

441 Old Geelong Road, Hoppers Crossing, VIC, 3029(Mel Ref: 203 D11) PH: OR 03******1177.

$9,999 Drive Away^
Hoppers Crossing, VIC

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 199954 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

1 owner from new 2016 Ford Ranger XL high rider manual with full service history from new with Range Ford. A great example inside and out. *12 month Warranty on all vehicles at an additional $500* All vehicles PPSR clear(No accident history or financial encumbrances) Finance available Trades welcome We welcome independent vehicle inspections on all our vehicles Call Tony O 416 1O 34 34 or come see us *** at 16 baretta rd *** We carry a full selection of 2WD, RWD, AWD, 4x4, 4WD, T/DIESEL, V6,

$17,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Wangara, WA

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2015 Ford Ranger PX XL White Manual Cab Chassis

  • 166194 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

Perfect work ute with a few extras including Bull Bar Alloy Tray with Tool Box yes its travelled 166 000 kms but this turbo diesel 2.2 litre with a 6 speed manual. This vehicle has been WA pit passed and will be sold to WA buyers with three months rego.

$16,988 Excl. Gov. Charges
Kingsley, WA

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2014 Ford Ranger PX XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 73993 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

only 74,000 kms. log books. just serviced. long rego. very tidy ute. hi chassis model. Feel free to drop in and see this vehicle at 129 Herries Street,Toowoomba or call Shane on for more information and to arrange a test drive. Trade ins welcome. Cars Galore is a locally owned car dealership that has been operating for over 25 years supplying quality used cars to Toowoomba, Warwick, Dalby, Stanthorpe, Gatton, Lockyer Valley, and surrounding areas including Brisbane. We are p

$25,990 Drive Away^
Toowoomba, QLD

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2014 FORD RANGER XL 2.2 (4x2) 6 SP MANUAL UTILITY

  • 92597 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

For Sale, Ford Ranger with central locking to tool box canopy. Hard mounted roof racks with ladder roller Under mounted trundle draw Side tool boxes Car is in good condition and has traveled 925xx Tyres are in good condition Rego until June

$22,000Negotiable
Sturt, SA

01/05/2024

2014 FORD Ranger XL 2.2 (4x2) - Manual - Warranty - Rego

  • 367100 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2014 Ford Ranger XL - RWD - Manual - Warranty The Finance facility available and own this from $99 per week, no deposit loan. - 2014 Ford Ranger PX - 4 x 2 - Manual Transmission - 367k Kms - Bluetooth - Turbo Diesel - Reversing Camera - 3 Years Warranty - Steering Controls - Cruise Control - Climate Control - Ex Ford Parts Delivery Vehicle - Clear Title - Registration - Full Logbook History - Light weight cage We are in Loganholme QLD, South of Brisbane and one of the biggest independent

$8,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Loganholme, QLD

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2017 Ford Ranger PX MkII MY17 XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Cab Chassis

  • 30986 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

PLEASE QUOTE STOCK NO: 153497 2017 FORD RANGER XL 1 OWNER EX-LEASE PLAN OWNED. COMES WITH BOOKS AND AN EXCELLENT SERVICE HISTORY. HAS A REAR CAMERA, 2 SEATS, STEEL TRAY, CRUISE CONTROL AND AN ELECTRONIC LIFT. ONLY 30KLM!! THIS VEHICLE IS LOCATED AT 1A FERNTREE GULLY ROAD, OAKLEIGH, VICTORIA 3166. * VIDEO WALKAROUND INSPECTION AVAILABLE * GST INVOICE AVAILABLE * COMMERCIAL LOANS AVAILABLE APPLY ONLINE * 3 YEAR EXTENDED WARRANTY * COMPETITIVE TRADE IN PRICES PAID * VICTORIAS LARGE

$31,950 Excl. Gov. Charges
Oakleigh, VIC

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2018 FORD Ranger XL 2.2 (4x2)

  • 89254 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

!! Hydraulic Tipper Tray !! GENIUNE ENQUIRY ONLY. PLEASE READ THE AD. Our dealership is conveniently located 15 minutes west of the CBD and just off of the M80 Western Ring Road. ***** 5 YEAR WARANTY INCLUDED ***** GREAT FINANCE PACKAGES AVAILABLE ***** WON'T LAST AT THIS PRICE ***** JUST BEEN TRADED, ACT FAST AND CALL TODAY AS IT WILL NOT LAST!! Now available for sale is our 2018 Ford Ranger XL Supercab 4x2 Diesel is now available for sale, with a long list of inclusions from a infota

$34,888 Drive Away^
Sunshine North, VIC

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2017 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White Manual Cab Chassis

  • 106091 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

NEED A WORK UTE THIS HERE IT IS 2017 FORD RANGER XL CAB CHASISS 2.2 LITRE TURBO DIESEL MANUAL WITH 106 000 KMS THIS FLEET RANGER ALSO COMES WITH FULL SERVICE HISTORY READY FOR WORK SO CALL NOW TO ARRANGE AN APPOINTMENT TO BUY IT.

$19,488 Excl. Gov. Charges
Kingsley, WA

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 111428 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

*** This vehicle is still available *** Call us for a Live Virtual walk-around video demonstration on any of our Vehicles. We are located only 5 minutes from Parramatta's CBD, just off the M4 Church Street exit. 2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL Utility Single Cab in a Manual 2.2L Turbo Diesel - Full-Service History - Tonneau Cover - Utility Tub * Ask us about our live video walk around demonstration option making buying from home a lot easier. * Over the phone Finance Applications with qu

$18,950 Excl. Gov. Charges
Granville, NSW

Dealer used
01/05/2024

2016 Ford Ranger PX MkII XL 2.2 (4x2) White 6 Speed Manual Utility

  • 236158 km
  • Ute
  • Manual
  • 4 cyl 2.2L

2016 Ford Ranger XL 2.2 (4x2) LWB LONG WHEEL BASE -PX MKII. This diesel turbocharged beast is not your average utility vehicle. With its sleek white exterior and black interior, this Ford Ranger is a real head-turner has a longer tray so looks the part. But it's not just about looks, this truck has the power and features to match. This 2016 Ford Ranger XL LWB 2.2 (4x2) PX MKII is a beast ready to conquer any challenge. Don't miss out on this opportunity to own a true utility vehicle, any inspec

$16,990 Excl. Gov. Charges
Mandurah, WA

Dealer used
01/05/2024

Overview of the Ford Ranger

Overview of the Ford Ranger

After the demise of the Falcon large car, the Ranger has become the new hero of Ford Australia showrooms on the back of the ever-increasing dual-purpose appeal of dual-cab utes as both workhorses and lifestyle vehicles.

Internationally, the Ranger name replaced Courier in 1998 before also been applied locally in 2007.

The current-generation, Thai-built Ranger released in 2011 was engineered and designed in Australia, though updated significantly in 2015. It is related to the Mazda BT-50 as part of a joint-venture.

FORD RANGER GENERATIONS (SINCE 2007)

2007-2011

2011-present

RUNNING COSTS

Fuel Consumption (current model)

2.2L 4-cylinder turbo diesel: 6.5 to 7.0 litres per 100km

3.2L 5-cylinder turbo diesel: 8.1 to 8.9 litres per 100km

= Highly economical.

= Good economy.

= Average fuel use.

= Heavy consumption.

Servicing

SIMILAR MODELS TO FORD RANGER

WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR: FORD RANGER

One of Ford Australia's hottest sellers in recent years, so there are plenty to choose from second-hand.

Like many modern turbo-diesels, the common-rail technology in use can mean short fuel-injector lifespan. And there are five injectors, not four, in a Ranger's 3.2-litre engine.

Injector pump valves can stick, leading to the fuel overheating and the vehicle entering limp-home mode.

Unusual chain-driven oil pump requires that the engine not sit without oil in it during servicing. Old oil must be dumped and new oil added immediately to prevent pump bleeding dry and not being able to pump new oil when engine is restarted.

Very early Rangers had a dual-mass flywheel which could lead to premature clutch wear. Pulsing through the clutch pedal or shuddering during take-offs are warning signs. Ford changed to a single-mass design from 2012 onwards.